No. Encryption runs entirely in your browser using qpdf compiled to WebAssembly, and nothing is stored. You can check by opening your browser’s Network tab, or by going offline before you press Protect.
AES-256, the standard PDF password encryption. Without the password the file can’t be opened at all.
No. This tool sets a password to open the file, which is the strongest restriction. It doesn’t set separate print or copy permissions.
There is no back door, so the file can’t be opened. Keep the password somewhere safe. If you know it, you can remove it later with Unlock PDF.